Skip to main content

为什么盐酸的最大浓度只有 37%?

溶解及程度: 两种液体能不能互溶从微观的角度讲就是A-B之间的作用力与A-A,B-B这两种作用力的关系。差距越大溶解度就越低,可以参考这里@金晨羽A在B中溶解度是a, 能否求得B在A中的溶解度?的回答。汽油是烷烃的混合物,烷烃是非极性分子,水是极性分子。硫酸是极性分子,而且结构上有一定的相似性,比如都有 -O-H 这样的基团。根据相似相溶的道理(为什么相似相溶,百度百科相似相溶_百度百科 讲的很详细了),硫酸的溶解于水的能力要远远的强于汽油了。溶解和电离: 水溶液中,简单理解为电离是溶解的下一步。电离时先把分子拆开变成离子,然后和水分子作用生成水合离子。前一步吸热,后一步放热。这是物质溶于水有的吸热有的放热的原因。放热的物质也具有更强的吸湿性(硫酸,NaOH)。气夜固相的平衡: 对于固体溶解一般考虑固液平衡,气体或者液体的互溶考虑气液平衡。对盐酸来说,考虑水和水蒸气的平衡,水中溶解的HCl和气体HCl的平衡;硫酸和硝酸同样。这样就体现出差别了,硫酸的挥发性最差,气象分压相同时溶液中的浓度就最高了,然后硝酸次之,盐酸最差。为什么常用的浓硫酸是98%: 其实更准确的浓度是98.3%。 这玩意的最大浓度可以超过100%,叫做发烟硫酸,硫酸里面溶解了三氧化硫(发烟硫酸_百度百科 )。比如商品化的发烟硫酸105硫酸(硫酸-104.5% 发烟硫酸 105%发烟硫酸(买家须持证购买!仅供内销) 。 当然,也有纯的100%硫酸,但是工业上生产时是在高温下生产的。纯的硫酸沸点290°C,高温下不如338°C沸点的共沸物(共沸混合物 )稳定(硫酸_百度百科 )。 常用的98.3%的浓硫酸其实是这个共沸物的浓度。为什么硝酸是68-69%: 硝酸也有纯的,纯硝酸为无色液体,沸点83℃,在-42℃时凝结为无色晶体(硝酸 )。 我们常用的和硫酸类似,也是和水的共沸物,浓度69.2%,沸点121.6°C。 这货也有发烟版的,是溶有NO2的浓硝酸,浓度在86%~97.5%(发烟硝酸_百度百科 )。没有发烟硫酸那么吓人。盐酸为什么是37%: 说实在的我真没找到。看样子一时半会填不上了~~~~ 但是37%的盐酸粗略(真的是粗略的估算)算大概是1体积水溶解了400体积左右的HCL,没有达到常温常压下500:1的溶解度。所以有更浓的。 它也有和水的共沸物,110 °C,20.2%。水溶液最高浓度是43.4%。氯化氢_百度百科 如果把温度降下来看固态,还有更“浓”的。看图: 

?

这些东西分别是HCl·H2O (68% HCl), HCl·2H2O (51% HCl), HCl·3H2O (41% HCl), HCl·6H2O (25% HCl), H2O(0% HCl)。Hydrochloric acid 到这里,题主的问题其实是不对的,常态下盐酸的最大浓度不是37%,有更浓的。---------------------------------------再改一下,这次中文维基给力了,这里有另一个相图(盐酸 ): 

?

可以看出43.4%的盐酸要接近0°C才会有。37%的浓盐酸大约是40°C的饱和溶液。
作者:段昊 

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

How to find ideas to post new article in your blog

How to find ideas to post new article in your blog    阅读原文»   It is true that sometimes being a blogger may face situations where I would personally like to call it your brain juices got dried up as you have pretty much ran out of topic to blog and you are in crisis as your readers are anxiously waiting for your new posts but you are unable to give in. That’s when you will probably come with excuses like I just posted last week although that post was more directly towards the newbies who stop themselves from making money but it’s still pretty much the same even though you consider yourself not a newbie. The fact is that ideas are everywhere and I mean everywhere if you know where to find it and know how to leverage it. You may be surprised that sometimes these ideas are just right in front of you but you are not observant enough to convert these ideas and turn it into your blog post. Today I will share some tips on where to get these ideas and most of it is part of your dai

Over A Year After Android Launch, ShopSavvy Finally Comes To The iPhone

ShopSavvy was one of the best early Android applications. It launched in October of last year after winning one of the initial Android Developer Challenge top prizes (when it was still known as GoCart). But despite the success it has seen on Android, one question remained: When would it be available for the iPhone. Today, it finally is. Developed by the guys at Big In Japan , ShopSavvy is an app that allows you to use your device as a portable barcode scanner. You point your phone's camera at any barcode and it will read it, do a product look up, and give you information about the product, as well as where you can find it online or at nearby stores and for how much. Obviously, something like this is a window shopper's dream. ShopSavvy was one of the best early Android applications. It launched in October of last year after winning one of the initial Android Developer Challenge top prizes (when it was still known as GoCart). But despite the success it has seen on Android, o

部门心脏?

i.am.weihua.1234您好!!              生产计划与物料控制PMC高级研修班 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 课程背景: 生产计划和物料控制(PMC)部门是一个企业"心脏", 掌握着企业生产及物料运作的总调度 和命脉,统筹营运资金、物流、信息等动脉,直接涉及影响生产部、生产工程部、采购、货仓、品 控部、开发与设计部、设备工程、人力资源及财务成本预算控制等,其制度和流程决定公司盈利成 败.因此PMC部门和相关管理层必须充分了解:物料计划、请购、物料调度、物料控制(收、发、退、 借、备料等)、生产计划与生产进度控制,并谙熟运用这门管理技术来解决问题,学习拉动计划价 值流(VSM)图,从拉动计划价值流切入剖析工厂制造成本和缩短制造周期 ,提高物流过程循环效 率(库存、资金的周转率)及客户满意率;为降低或消除物流过程中的非增值活动. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 课程目标: 1、建立制定完善的生产与物控运作体系?提升准时交货和降低库存成本 2、预测及制定合理的短、中、长期销售计划?达成公司策略管理目标 3、对自身的生产能力负荷预先进行详细分析并建立完善产品数据机制协助公司建立产品工程数据 4、生产前期做好完整的生产排程和周生产计划?提高备料准确率,保持生产顺畅 5、配合生产计划做到良好物料损耗控制和备料?完善降低物料损耗机制和停工待料工时 6、对生产进度及物料进度及时跟进和沟通协调?缩短生产周期,提高企业竞争力 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 报名详情: 培训时间:2012年11月 3- 4深圳 11月15-16上海 11月22-23北京 12月 1- 2广州 承办单位:新 活 力 顾 问 培训对象:生产计划部门、物料计划部门、采购部门、 生产部门、销售部门、物流、研发部门、 PIE、IT 培训费用:3200元/人(包括资料费、午餐及上下午茶点等) 报名热线:400-623-8399 (免长途话费) 电邮: maomao@xhlpx.com QQ:120915